The history of women as erotic subjects in art is endless Essay Example

The history of women as erotic subjects in art is endless Paper The history of women as erotic subjects in art is endless; therefore in this chapter I am going to look at why in some cases, the female nude was so shocking. As this is a wide subject I am going to look at two main pieces; Titian Venus of urbino 1538 and Edouard Manets Olympia 1865. Titian is stated to be the greatest and most versatile artist of the Venetian Renaissance. Titian excelled in portraiture, religious picture and mythological scenes. Titians nudes were from mythological scenes, mostly basing his females on goddesss favourably Venus, and these are embodiments of Neoplatonic ideas. Neoplatonism came from the philosopher Plato who believed that the visible world was a reflection of a mythological heavenly world. This was a popular belief in Titians time, which is why art was based on mythological scenes set in modern settings. Titians most famous Venus was his most disputed; the Venus of urbino, acquired in 1538 by Guidobaldo II della Rovere, duke of Camerino and Urbino as a possible matrimonial gift. There are three theories, which attempt to explain the paintings meaning; That the Venus is from the mythology, a wedding picture or pornography. To understand the painting and its effect we must look at the society at that time. Women in the sixteenth century were seen as inferior to men. Men at were in control of the society at that time including women. Women were often portrayed in art at that time as objects of beauty; this is why they were portrayed as goddesses. If the female nude was accepted in their society then why did Titian Venus of urbino cause such an outrage? We will write a custom essay sample on The history of women as erotic subjects in art is endless specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The history of women as erotic subjects in art is endless specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The history of women as erotic subjects in art is endless specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is because it broke away from the traditions at that time; the female nude was often portrayed in mythological scenes, which was accepted as it didnt directly express the male sexual interest in the female body. The Venus image is clearly a product of renaissance art; she stands for both sensuality and classism that were typical of this era-but Titians Venus is unusual as it depicts the female nude as beholding the beholder. Titian broke away from the norm of this era by creating an image that interacts with its audience. 0 years before hand Botticellis Birth of Venus was also said to be a wedding gift to Lorenzo deMedici. The scene involved Venus, the Greek goddess of love and beauty, being born from the sea. She stands on a shell, covering her naked body with arms and hair elegantly, clearly showing a Greek myth. Titian on the other hand is relaxing and gazing at the viewer in a coy manner, in contrast to Botticellis shows a dream like innocent face. They also used different techniques such as Boticelli ignored perspective and Titian created distance between Venus and the servants in the background. Both were made for Aristocratic families and both were perceptions of the goddess Venus, but gave very different impressions. There were both innovative of there times as Botticelli painted the naked Venus for the first time since the medieval ages, and Titian painted her as reacting with the audience in a domestic scene perocatively. Titians Venus appears in her bedroom. She is shown lying nude on her bed. The composition has been split into two sections; Venus is in the foreground and her servants are in the background. She is a feminine, voluptuous (typical of the fashion for large women at that time), and clearly an image of idealised beauty. The are a number of points that show that the image of Venus is of a sexual nature; the naked young women looks frankly at the beholder; her nipples are erect; her left hand is gently covering her genital area in an inviting manor. At that time in the seventeenth century there was a small but significant trade in pornography and pornographic images amongst the upper class, but it was very discrete which the picture challenged at that time. The fact that Venus of urbino is in a normal surrounding typical of that time, people began to question if it was a courtesan and not the mythological Venus. But connotations in the painting represent a married Venus. For example the small dog at her feet is sign of fertility. The chests in the back ground with the servants are called cassoni, these were traditionally given to the bridegroom on his wedding, and they are a sign of matromony. She holds a bunch of flowers, which is another sign of bridal values. The small dog at her feet is said to be a sign of fertility, these symbols are traditionally associated with Venus. People at that time were skilled at reading the meanings of symbols. If we look at what the symbols mean we understand what titian was trying to convey to his audience at that time. I believe the painting was meant for that purpose, to show a modern day marital Venus. An exert from Rona Goffen in Titians women states about the painting, The image was seen as a marriage picture, the goddess of love characterised by her surrounding attributes as the protectress specifially of marital love. Although it still doesnt lessen the fact that this is a very erotic picture, maybe it was for the simply the displaying of a beautiful female object to be looked at by men. Titian was most famous for conveying this in many of his paintings. Manet some centuries later completed one of his most famous and perhaps most intriguing painting in 1863. Entitled Olympia it outraged the public of nineteenth century France. While the example for Olympia was Titians Venus of Urbino, the context in Manets paintings suggests a more contemporary theme than Titian. Titians Venus even though in contemporary surroundings, still represented Venus the goddess. In the same year Manta completed and submitted Luncheon on the Grass to the official salon where it was rejected by and instead shown at the salon des refuses. The image is of two fully clothed gentlemen and one nude woman engaged in casual conversation in an outdoor setting, it wasnt greeted well and came under great criticism by the public and the critics. This began Manets notoriety that he struggled to break away from. This painting showed that he was not an artist who followed the academic techniques, this was frowned upon in the arts in that time. After the negative response of luncheon on the grass, Manet waiting another two years before entering Olympia into the salon. Manet believed that to be a good artist his work must be shown in the salon, this is why the result of luncheon on the grass being rejected dismayed Manet. Although Olympia was excepted, it still came under great criticism as people didnt understand Manets conveying of modernity. It currently hangs in the louve and is considered to be one of the greatest paintings of the 19th century. Even though at that time Nepoleon III purchased a painting in the exhibition of Alexander Cabanels Birth of Venus, this was to directly show his disapproval of such an Avant-garde painting that didnt conform to the established techniques of academic painting. In 1856 Manet went to Florence where he made a copy of Titians Venus of urbino. The recreation he made was to become the compositional prototype he used for Olympia. In Titians Venus her gaze is flirtatious and coy; it doesnt threaten the viewer. Her hand gently curves over her genital area invitingly. The Venus of urbino does not make the viewer feel uncomfortable even thought the picture indicates a sexual nature, it is an entertaining image. Manets image portrays similar, yet at the same time strikingly different image of a nude young women, than in Titians painting. Olympias pose seems to be awkward; she is propped up on pillows like the Venus but she is in a closed interior. By focusing on the foregound, Manet has set a mysterious scene and you are left to interpret. There are no signifiers of marital status in this image. Titian and Mantas images are similar as the compositional space of Olympia gas been separated into two distinct areas of light and dark. Olympia body, the bed, and the bouquet are in stark contrast with the background. It seems that the wall, curtain, servant, and cat are composed of slight variations of the same dark colours. There seem to be no half tones just direct colour, so every thing in the image seems to relate to the brightness of Olympias body or the darkness of the wall or the curtain in the background. Titian technique is more visually pleasing using a full range of half tones making the image more intimate and comfortable. Where everything in Titian is soft, everything in Olympias world is hard and cold makes the viewer feel uneasy. Olympia lies in a provocative fashion, but appears stiff and uncomfortable unlike Venus. Her figure is not voluptuous and appealing, but instead is thin and pale. Unlike the Venus, Olympia is not an idealised beauty. Her face is plain and ordinary lacking great feminine beauty and her hand forcefully covers her genitalia most uninviting manor. The animal in the picture is not a sleeping dog, but instead an arching frightened black cat. Not only is the cat a symbol of independence but also shows that the cat is uneasy with the viewer, this represents that Olympia has an intruding client. The cat is looking directly at the viewer; this is another connotation that sets you up as the client. Titians sleeping dog on the other hand is clearly a sign that whoever Venus is making eye contact with, the dog is clearly familiar to them and does not see them as an intruder. This represents Venuss husband as the on-looker. The model in Manets painting was of a prostitute that appeared in many of his paintings. Olympia represented this clearly she shows her forceful gaze and her sprawled fingers across her thighs demonstrate an independent women, a women who chooses her own destiny. She is shown to be upper class with the gold bracelet, the pearl earrings, and the well-dressed servant seeing to her needs. These elements symbolise her wealth and vanity and clearly indicate her status. The flowers that are being presented to her by her servant that are ignored is clearly a gesture from a client. Olympia was a direct result of the society at that time a new phenomenon in modern French culture women who chose what they wanted to do. Manet instead of exploiting the female nude shows the reality of society at that time, so much so that the French public could not bare to look upon it. The thing that shocked the public most I think was Olympias confrontational gaze, forcing the viewer to feel part of the scene. She is not teasing or flirting like Venus does, but seems in control of the situation. This composition sets up the viewer as a client instead of an on looker. The outraged caused was because Manet had openly set up a realistic scene that was all too familiar with the Paris me. It had shown the darker social truth that plagued France at that time, prostitution. Prostitution was on the rise in Paris during this era, and so was the spread of syphilis. In 1862, on year before Olympia was created, Manets father passed away due to syphilis. Olympia seems to reflect Manets awareness of what was happening in the society and that of which directly effected his personal life at the time. Many critic argued that Olympia herself displayed signs of being infected with syphilis the women posing as Olympia appeared as if in a state of near decomposition. If you look at Olympia flesh it looks yellowish and deathly that shows that she could have been infected with the desese that was plaguing Paris. Manet attempted to mingle the distinctions between the classical past and the living present with a painting of a young women nude in a contemporary environment. Manta imaginatively and successfully transformed Titians Venus of Urbino into an image of a courtesan who reflected the setting of modern day France. Edinburgh National Gallery The National gallery of Scotland, is the one of the oldest galleries in Scotland it was built in 1850. It is situated in the heart of Edinburgh on the mound. It is home to Scotlands greatest collection of European paintings and sculpture from the Renaissance to Post-Impressionism. When I went to the gallery I decided to pick three artworks that were relevant to my depiction of women. I will look at the artists themselves and there backgrounds. The three artists I have chosen are Sandro Botticellli The Virgin Adoring the Sleeping Christ Child, Titians Venus Rising From The Sea1520, A sculpture by Antonio Canova The Three Graces and Edgar Degas Woman drying herself. Sandro Botticelli Sandro Botticelli was born in Florence italy in 1445, his original name was Alessandro Di Mariano Filipepi. His named is dirived from his elder brother Giovanni,a pawn broker, nicknamed him little barell . He raised him so therefore gave him his second name Botticelli. He was a Florentine early renaissance painter whose Birth of Venus (1485) and Primavera (1477-78) are often said to be the classic paintings of renaissance. Although he is said to one of the most individual painters of the Italian renaissance, he remained little known for centuries after his death. Then his work was rediscovered late in the 19th century by a group of artists in England known as the Pre-Raphaelites. He lived all his life in Florence exept for when he visited Rome to paint on the walls of the Sistine Chapel of the Vantican. Antonio Canova Antonio Canova (1757-1822) was considered the greatest sculptor of his time in Europe. His work became a model for all sculptors for many years. In 1802, Canova was invited to Paris by Napoleon, in order to carve marble portraits of the emperor and his mother and sister. Canova illustrates the Romantic Classicism that was so valued at the time: he creates daring images of seductive elegance and form. Conava is similar to titian and botticelli as his approach is based on the mythological compositions and there neoplatonic ideas. He is also used these ideas to portray a discrete eroticism, as did titian. In the area of portraiture he is said to be one of the leading artists in idealization. He displayed a sensibility both to naturalism and to the early Renaissance, opening the way to two dominant trends at the beginning of the century: skilled realism and historical subject matter. Titian Titian is said to be the greatest and most versatile artist of the Venetian. Titians art was based on three themes portraiture, religious pictures and mythological scenes which he equally excelled in all. Titian or Tiziano Vecellio was born in a small alpine village of Pieve di Cadore, now not far from the Austrian border. He arrived in Venice as a boy and became apprentice to a mosaicist. He soon entered the studio of Giovanni Bellini where he joined the famous painter Giorgione. In 1516 Titian was appionted as the official painter of the Venetian Republic. Titians most distinguished commissions was for Charles V, Titian soon after was appointed the court painter. Titian is most famous for his mythological compositions. He conformed to neoplatonic ideas that were so popular at that time. Titians style of painting involved a strong use tone, creating noble forms and warm atmospheres, Titian created beautiful mythogogical scenes but set them up as reality , Titian remained active until his death in Venice at about age 91. His last work was a Pieta created for his own tomb.

Reflection on Cognitive Development Essay Essay Example

Reflection on Cognitive Development Essay Essay Example Reflection on Cognitive Development Essay Essay Reflection on Cognitive Development Essay Essay This brooding essay speaks about Educational Psychology. a good instructor. general rules of development. the encephalon and cognitive development. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural position. Educational Psychology plays a really of import function in our day-to-day lives as it helps us to understand and develop schemes to better the acquisition procedure. An effectual instructor is one who is organized. non biased. patient. and flexible and knows how to learn medium and decelerate paced scholars. The essay besides speaks about Development ; individuals develop physically. socially and besides personally. It besides speaks about the different ways in which development takes topographic point. The encephalon begins to lateralize shortly after birth and hence have specific maps to transport out. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development speaks about the four phases while Lev Vygotsky educates us on his sociocultural position. Educational Psychology is of import to me as a instructor in preparation as it helps me to understand my students’ behavior and the schemes that I can utilize to assist them. Life is a procedure and therefore we go through alterations from construct to decease. This procedure is called development. We develop physically. socially. and besides cognitively. The alterations that occur early in our lives. are by and large assumed to be for the better and to ensue in behavior that is more adaptative. more organized. more effectual and more complex ( Mussen. Kogner. Kagan. 1984 ) . I besides learnt that development takes topographic point at different rates and that is individuals may be more co-ordinated than others and besides be more mature in their thought. Second. development takes place orderly as we learn to babble before we talk and the concluding 1 is that development takes topographic point bit by bit. that is you know the letters of the alphabet before you can spell words . Finally. the 1 that stands out to me most is ripening. Maturation trades with the natural alterations that take topographic point in our organic structures. The alterations in the clime don’t affect the natural alterations that will take topographic point in our organic structure merely terrible illness or malnutrition. The encephalon is besides of import in cognitive development as each portion is given a specific map to transport out. However. the different parts of the encephalon combine in order to execute human activities and concept apprehension. There are some footings that are associated with the encephalon and the first is synapses. as the word suggests they are bantam infinites between nerve cells and that chemical messages are sent across the spreads. Hippocampus truly took me by surprise as the first syllable â€Å"hippo† is the name of an animate being. However it means remembering new information and recent experiences. Myelination is besides really new to me and it means act uponing believing and hearing. The basic inclinations in believing aid us to form our ideas and behaviors into consistent systems. Our believing procedure and cognition is now developed through version and this is seting ourselves to the environment. Assimilation. adjustment besides takes topographic point. Sometimes it seems as if I am seeking for some balance in my thought and this is known as equilibration. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is non foreign to me as I did in Introduction to Psychology. I know that there are four phases and each phase has a different age group. The fist phase is the sensorimotor phase and kids at this phase are normally zero to two old ages of age. The most important things that occur at this phase are: the kids develop object permanency. execute end directed activities. usage there senses and besides uses imitation. The pre-operational phase is age two to seven old ages. Children are able to utilize symbolic map for illustration taking a broom and siting it stating that it is a donkey. There motor accomplishments are being developed and therefore they would desire to feed themselves. In the concrete operational phase kids are able to believe logically. can prosecute in a conversation and reversibility. categorization and seriation takes topographic point. The concluding phase is the formal operational phase and they are able to ground good and they besides develop big egoism and that is the heightened ego consciousness that is reflected in striplings and the belief that others are interested in their ideas as they do. It besides speaks about them holding a sense of singularity and wants to be noticed by others. However some pupils will develop foolhardy behavior including self-destructive ideas and drug maltreatment. In my sentiment Vygotsky’s theory is much better than Piaget’s. He placed more accent on the development of linguistic communication than Piaget. He besides states that linguistic communication is the most of import symbol in the development of linguistic communication. As a kid I use to speak to myself and now I know that it is private address. I truly believe that private address ushers an single into doing the right determinations and besides into job resolution. The most of import portion of his theory is the zone of proximal development. My apprehension of it is that at a peculiar phase in one’s life given counsel and support will assist me as an person to get the hang something. Children foremost learn pronounciation and they shy off from those words that are difficult to articulate. For illustration my three twelvemonth old boy says ‘begetable’ alternatively of vegetable. I besides believe that grownups should utilize linguistic communication in the child’s larning experience and don’t usage high flown words because the kid should be able to associate to what is being said. Vocabulary. grammar and sentence structure are developed at around age five. However parents can purchase books. read to their kids. take them on a nature walks and besides answer their inquiries so as to develop their linguistic communication.

The 14 Easiest Majors for Your Bachelors Degree

The 14 Easiest Majors for Your Bachelor's Degree SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Before we jump into this list of the easiest college degrees, let’s get one thing straight: there’s no such thing as an easy bachelor’s degree. Whatever degree you choose to pursue, you’ll have to work really hard to complete it. With that caveat out of the way, this article outlines the easiest majors, why they’re easy, and what your career outlook will look like if you choose one of these college degrees. How We Determined the Easiest Bachelor’s Degrees There’s no set way to universally determine how easy a bachelor’s degree is, as every major and every school has its own level of rigor. That being said, we used available statistics on GPA to determine our rankings of the easiest bachelor’s degrees. According to a study by Cornell University, most science majors tend to have lower than average GPAs, while the college majors we’ve selected for this list have a higher than average GPA. That means that for many students, achieving a higher GPA in these majors is not as difficult as it is in other majors. Let’s take a look at our list of the easiest majors. The 14 Easiest Majors to Study in College These are the easiest majors we’ve identified by highest average GPA. #1: Psychology Psychology majors study the inner workings of the human psyche. You’ll learn how individuals behave within certain situations and figure out how to understand people’s motivations and desires. As a psychology major, you’ll learn a number of useful skills, like analysis and communication. As an undergraduate studying psychology, you’ll take some entry-level courses of statistics and analysis. The more difficult coursework comes later, if you choose to pursue an advanced degree. Psychology majors earn a median salary of $57,000, making this a solid career choice if you’re looking to earn more money. #2: Criminal Justice A criminal justice degree is a great degree to have if you’d like to work in safety and security. Criminal justice majors command an average salary of $49,000+ a year. A criminal justice investigator might become a police officer, a probation officer, a private detective, or something else. Criminal justice degrees are typically not reading or writing intensive, making them easier than other majors. #3: English If you love reading and analyzing texts, an English major might be a great fit for you. There are a wide variety of career paths available to English majors - which is both a good and a bad thing. While you have skills that are applicable to many careers, it could be hard to narrow down what you want to do. As an English major, you won’t have to do much (if any) work in the math or science fields. Depending on your program, you may spend more of your time on shorter, analysis papers, rather than larger research papers. English majors make an average of $55,000 a year. #4: Education Pursuing an education major will help you become a teacher. As an education major, you might specialize in special education, elementary education, or secondary education. You’ll learn the theory behind being an effective teacher, choose a specialty, and get lots of practice. Education majors are easier than others because they focus on educational theory and hands-on practice, rather than more complicated math or science topics. While you might need to student teach without pay for a year after college, education majors earn an average of $55,00 per year. #5: Social Work A social work major helps you make a difference in the world. When majoring in social work, you’ll learn how to provide services that help some of society’s most vulnerable people. Social work majors typically don’t require upper-level math or science courses, which makes achieving a high GPA easier. You’ll earn an average salary of $49,000 as a social work major. #6: Sociology Sociology majors study human behavior through the collection and observation of data. You’ll learn about connections between people, which can prepare you for work in human resources, market research, and more. Most sociology courses don’t require a ton of heavy reading or long writing assignments, which makes this major a bit easier than others. Sociology majors earn an average salary of $56,000. #7: Communications If you major in communications, you’ll learn about journalism, public relations, marketing, and more. You’ll learn a lot of broad skills with a communications degree that can help you get a job in a number of fields. A communications major is easier because of the lack of advanced science, math, or writing coursework you’ll do. Communications majors earn an average salary of $60,000. #8: History History majors study world events that have happened from the beginning of recorded time up through modern day. As a history major, you’ll learn to analyze and make sense of what happened in the past. History majors might be considered easier than other majors because of the lack of lab work and technical writing required. You’ll spend a lot of your time as a history major analyzing older texts and writing papers on your thoughts. History majors have a number of career paths available to them, from lawyer to teacher. History majors earn an average of $62,000 per year. #9: Health As a health major, you might pursue a degree in Health Science or Health Administration. Health degrees are often a good way to prepare for a more advanced degree in the healthcare field, like physical or occupational therapy. Health degrees are easier than life or physical science degrees. As a health major, you’ll learn more about the theory behind the science, rather than focusing on statistics, lab work and analysis. The more entry-level science of a health degree makes this major easier than other pathways into healthcare. Health majors have an average salary of $60,000 a year. #10: Creative Writing A creative writing degree will help you establish useful communication skills as analyze existing writing, make your own new work, and give and receive feedback from your peers. A creative writing major can be time-consuming (think of all the hours spent with writer’s block), but you won’t have to worry about spending time in the lab or doing advanced math. Creative writing majors earn an average of $50,000. #11: Anthropology Anthropology is the study of cultural history and the evolution of social relationships. Anthropology also often encompasses archaeology, so anthropology majors might spend time in the field on digs. As an anthropology major, you’ll take a mix of anthropology, history, and sociology classes. You’ll read and write a lot, but won’t have to do any advanced statistics or other types of math. Anthropology majors earn an average of $55,000 when they graduate. #12: Music Music majors have a number of different career options: they might try to be performers or music teachers or engineers. A music major can be mentally difficult - you’ll have to practice a lot and deal with your end of semester performance evaluations. However, music majors don’t have to take any difficult math or science courses and also won’t have to do a ton of reading or writing, making this major easier than others. You will spend a lot of time in the practice room, so be sure you’re committed to playing music before you start. You can expect to earn an average of $54,000 as a music major. #13: Humanities Humanities majors cover a number of different topics, like history, philosophy and religion. A humanities major is great if you like all of those subjects and can’t decide which to pick. Through your humanities major, you’ll learn skills in writing, reading, critical thinking, and communication. Like an English or liberal arts major, a humanities major has a lot of career options and an average salary of $59,000. #14: Religious Studies A religious studies major studies the major religious movements and philosophies throughout history. As a religious studies major, you’ll do a lot of reading, writing, and analyzing, but won’t have to do a ton of math or science. A religious studies major earns an average of $53,000. Easiest College Degrees: The Bottom Line What’s the easiest college degree? It depends on what you’re good at and where you’re studying. That being said, the majors listed in this article have higher average GPAs than other majors, meaning they are more accessible than others. What’s Next? Getting ready to take the GED?Read our complete guide on GEDs for everything you need to know about this important exam. If you're hoping to attend college but are unsure howto begin the search process, check out this step by step guide for doing college research. Thinking about going to college but not sure how much of a time commitment it will be? Find out more with our guide to how long a bachelor's degree takes. You may choose to attend community college for a year or two and then transfer to a four-year college. Read our complete guide to transferring colleges to learn more about this process.

Introducing students to the theory of multiple intelligences Research Paper

Introducing students to the theory of multiple intelligences - Research Paper Example This test just touched upon the verbal, logical-mathematical and spatial intelligence. Gardner believes that the capacities are woven into the brain and neuronal network (2006). He feels that there is depth to intelligence and plenty of observation is necessary to gauge the intelligence levels. The intelligences are classified as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic (Gardner, 2006). These intelligences have to be elicited by the teacher and parents. The capacities are flexible and can change through various enriching experiences. Education works upon these flexibilities. The genius however is decided by the genetic constitution just as the person of low intelligence. The spatial and musical intelligences are rather vague in nature and it is not definite whether these are genetic in constitution. Gardner’s experiences as a psychologist, who has examined patients recovering from traumatic brain inju ry, have brought forward the Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1983). MI helps schoolchildren in many ways. Teachers get an idea of the children’s strengths and can develop a curriculum which suits their capacities. Teamwork among the teachers is encouraged by the technique. Education is promoted as art forms and games which the children identify with. Schools plan various educational experiences for children from different backgrounds. Observation of the child in class and how he misbehaves is the first method of assessing intelligence and which of them is more developed in the child (Armstrong, 2009). The linguistically inclined child will be talking frequently. The spatial child will be a daydreamer. The child with more of the interpersonal intelligence tends to socialize and has more friends. The bodily kinesthetic child is always fidgeting. The naturalistic child may bring a pet to class without necessarily taking permission (Armstrong, 2009). The next observation should be when it is leisure time. The linguistic child will read books while the spatial child will be drawing (Armstrong, 2009). The socializer will be playing impromptu games with a group of friends. The bodily kinesthetic child will be involved in building activities. The naturalistic child may be looking at the fish in the aquarium or standing in front of an animal cage. The musical child may be singing. A checklist for multiple intelligences for schoolchildren may be completed for each child by the teacher. This contains easy-to-note behaviors for each pattern of intelligence Records are kept of behavior in class and in the playfield. School records of performances in class are also maintained (Armstrong, 2009). The theory of multiple intelligences is first explained to the children. A sample question would be â€Å"How many of you are intelligent, raise your hands† (Armstrong, 2009). The younger children would raise more hands as they are innocent and believe in their intell igence. The teacher calling them word smart or logic smart or music smart or picture smart, each child can feel he is smart. This encourages the children to cooperate and participate in the assessment of their own intelligence. Various activities may be planned for holding the interest of the children and developing their intelligences: â€Å"career day, field trips, biographies, lesson plans, experiential activities, wall displays, readings, board games, stories and

Company law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Company law - Essay Example Following the legal submission above, Estate Ltd has the right to indicate its interest in a property deal or transaction acting in the capacity of trustee of Healthy Eating Ltd. And it is explained above that Healthy Eating Ltd. should disregard any rights it deems necessary, maybe in the form of a compensation or remuneration. The main reason why Healthy Eating Ltd. could not expect to be paid for any losses incurred in the property transaction is that Estate Ltd has acted as a personal representative or trustee of Healthy Eating Ltd2. In other ways, this case could be interpreted in the following assumptions: (i) Common Liability: In as much as Estate Ltd is representing the interests of Healthy Eating Ltd in the sale of the property that was purchased under compulsory purchase order by the local authority, whatever liability incurred by the Holding company (Healthy Eating ltd) cannot be indemnified because the Holding company is indirectly involved in the deal, using its trustee (Estate Ltd.) (ii) Decision Rights: As a subsidiary of Healthy Eating Ltd, Estate ltd has been given the rights to act on its capacity, making its own decision concerning any commercial transactions it may deem appropriate. As a result of this, the holding company does not have any power to seek indemnity against any action taken on its behalf by its personal representative. Considering all the facts raised above, it is legally untenable for Healthy Eating ltd to expect any forms of compensation or remuneration from the local authority on account of the losses it may have incurred because of this property deal undertaken on its behalf by its trustee. (b) Liability to compensate the injured volunteers: This issue concerns about the liability incurred by a subsidiary of a company to a third party. In this case study, Research Ltd, which is a subsidiary of Healthy Eating Ltd was involved in a damages suit by

A Christmast Surprise for Gramma Essay Example for Free

A Christmast Surprise for Gramma Essay A Christmas Surprise for Grandma by Gloria J. Shuttleworth Grandma lived on Sugar Creek Mountain all alone. It was a beautiful mountain, with tall cedar trees all over the mountain top. In the middle of the mountain was a crystal clear lake. The water in the lake was the prettiest blue youve ever seen. When the water was calm, you could see the fish swimming around in the lake. I loved sitting by the lake when I was a little girl. Grandma would pack us a lunch, and we would sit at the lake for hours on end. Hour after hour, grandma would tell me stories about her life on the mountain. I remember the day that grandpa drowned in the lake. My parents had tried to talk grandma into moving into town, but she wouldnt hear of it. My parents knew not to argue with her, because they knew that grandma was set in her ways. Ive been on this mountain for so long that Ive forgotten which is the oldest, me or the mountain, grandma had said, with a twinkle in her eyes. I knew my parents worried about her being alone, because grandma was the only person who lived on Sugar Cliff Mountain. Today I was going to visit grandma, and the excitement grew inside me at the thought of spending time on the mountain once more. After all, it had been ten years since I had seen grandma. Its hard to believe that my career had kept me away for so long. As I approached the top of the mountain, I could see grandma staring out the window of her little log cabin home. Grandma greeted me at the door with a big hug. I am so happy that you could come to visit with me, said grandma. This Christmas is going to be so wonderful! I have a special surprise for you dear. Little did grandma know that I had a very special surprise for her as well. Well, we cant stand around here all day, said grandma. Theres a lot of work to get done. I have invited the people from the village to come to my Christmas party on Saturday evening. After I had freshened up a bit, we spent the day baking all sorts of cookies and candies. Grandma had a story to tell as we baked the goodies for the party. She told me about how she used to bake apple pies for grandpa. He loved apple pies, said grandma. Those were his favorite. She said that after the pies would cool off, that grandpa would send her into the living room, under the pretense that he would clean up the kitchen. Grandma knew what he was really up to, but she never let on that she knew. Grandma would go into the living room and sit in her rocking chair. She would sing some of the songs that she knew grandpa loved. About an hour later, grandma would wander back into the kitchen. Why Henry! she said kitchen, grandma retired for the evening. I made myself a cup of tea and sat down in front of the fireplace. Sitting alone in the quiet house, I pondered my childhood memories of my grandparents. They had always been such a fun loving and happy couple. Shortly after they were married, grandpa built the log cabin home for his Little ole Emmy, as he called her. Just before Christmas, almost twelve years ago, grandpa was outside gathering firewood, when grandma heard a horrible scream and a terrible noise. She ran outside to find that an area of the ice on the lake had fallen through. She yelled for grandpa over and over but no reply ever came. They searched the lake for over a week, but no trace of grandpa could be found. Finally, they called off the search. One of the men who had helped in the search said theyd probably never find grandpa now. Just then, as my thoughts were still racing around in my head, my grandmother brought me back to reality. We have to be up very early in the morning dear, so off to bed now, she said. I slowly walked to my grandmothers room, and kissed her goodnight. Morning came early at grandmas house. As I entered the kitchen I could smell the homemade biscuits and gravy cooking on the stove. Whats on our list of things to do today? I asked. The men are coming from the village this morning to put the lights on the trees, and we have lots of presents to wrap for the children, she said. Just then, there was a knock at the door. It was the men from the village ready to start putting up the lights. Grandma was so excited as she stepped back to watch them. Lets wrap those presents now Laura, said grandma. As I watched grandma wrap the presents and tie the ribbons, I knew that so much more was being placed around them. With each piece of wrapping paper grandma was also wrapping them with love. After the last present was wrapped, we realized that wed been wrapping presents all day! It was now getting dark outside and grandma wanted to go outside to view the lights. As we stepped out onto the porch, we gasped. The sight that met our eyes was so beautiful to behold! The snow was glittering and the reflection of the lights on the snow was beyond words! It was breathtaking! That night I went to bed with a heart full of love for my grandmother. I knew that someday I wanted to be just like her, full of love for others. Saturday evening the village people started arriving just after dark. Grandma always waited until evening to have her Christmas party, because she loved the lights. All the guests gathered around in the front yard and began to sing Christmas carols. Oh, how grandma loved that! Ole Ben was a jolly fellow who worked at the village store, and he was chosen to help Santa hand out the presents. The children shouted with glee, as they unwrapped their gifts. Grandma said, Laura, come here dear, I have a surprise for you. As she handed me the present, I could see the love and pride in her eyes. I love it grandma, I said, as I bent down to kiss her cheek, I will cherish it forever. Grandma had made a quilt out of some of my dresses that I had worn as a little girl. Grandma, if you could have just one special gift for Christmas, what would it be? I asked her. Without even stopping to think, she replied, I would like t o see your grandfather just one more time, so I could feed him the apple pie that the horses quit snatching when he left us. Just then grandmas face lit up like the lights on the Christmas tree! Everyone turned to see what grandma was looking at. Walking slowly toward her, with an apple pie in his hand, was grandpa! There was two slices missing from the pie that he was holding. The village people were speechless, as they thought they were seeing a ghost. Grandpa chuckled, as he yelled out, Emmy, those darn horses snatched the pie and got away with two pieces. Difference to me, but slowly my memory started to return. I remember now going out to gather firewood. There was a nice piece of wood on the lake. I thought the lake was frozen over so I stepped out on the lake to get the piece of wood. I remember hearing the lake crackle and thats the last I remember about the accident. Laura, how can I ever thank you for bringing grandpa home to me? asked grandma. Laura replied, Seeing the happiness and the love you have for each other is all the thanks I need. As Laura retired to bed that night, she couldnt help but think about the surprise that she had given to grandma for Christmas. She knew in her heart that it was the best surprise present that grandma would ever get. What a warm and wonderful feeling came over Laura as she fell asleep, thinking of her grandparents.

Women As Leaders :: History Females Historical Leader Essays

†A woman is like a tea bag -- you can't tell how strong she is until you put her in hot water.† - - Nancy Reagan More and more women are rising to the leadership challenge, even in some of the most male-dominated industries. The increase in the number of women attending university, in the workplace or starting their own business has demonstrated to men who own businesses that women can be both managers and mothers, thus showing their male counterpart that women can in fact "do it all". In this paper the history of women in the workforce will be outlined, as well as the challenges they face. The changing attitudes towards women taking over family businesses will be looked at briefly, how women lead along with a comparison to how men lead, and a critique and conclusion of their leadership style will also be discussed. History and The Challenges Women Face A number of events have occurred over the last twenty-five years or so that have resulted in the rise of the female in the work-for-pay world. Beginning in the mid-1970's, women began going to business school and earning their Master's of Business Administration and, as a result, building on that education and gaining work experience (Nelton, 1999). The days of the one income family are over. Females need to be armed with a university or college degree to be a contributor to this century's model of the family unit and in this time of "education inflation", the demand for higher education is growing at a staggering rate. In the corporate sector, the generation of women who entered the corporate world two to three decades ago have blazed the trail now followed by ever-growing numbers of women (Shaiko, 1997). The great strides women are making in the work force can be attributed to numerous factors including the: "passage of equal employment opportunity legislation's, modifications in job requirements, more females on the buying side, elevated educational achievements by females, more women in business schools, the huge percentage of female business school graduates with 'androgynous' orientations, and the willingness of many young women to postpone marriage and child-bearing." (Comer, et.al, 1997) While women continue to make progressive strides toward equality, few have risen to the highest positions-leading companies to the new millenium (Andorka, 1998). Fortunately, women can now demand equal treatment in their respective organizations as a result of the aforementioned changes in history.

Developing Effective Communication in Health

In this assignment I will be going to explain the factors which can impact upon effective communication and interpersonal interaction and discuss the importance of communication in a  health  and social care settings. Communication is a process that involves the exchange of information, thoughts, ideas and emotions. There are many ways of communicating and this can be done verbally and non-verbally. We have many reasons of communicating with each other, and these are to express ourselves as well as to pass on information and knowledge. Effective communication involves verbal and non-verbal interaction.In a health and social care setting, one to one communication is very important. This simply means two people have a conversation without any other person joining in. This would be used in many health care settings such as doctor consultations, child and social worker meetings. Often times, these conversations will be about personal things such as illness or a difficult home life, b ut it could also be something as simple as a doctor talking to a colleague. The doctor will build a relationship with his patient; the patient will trust him and will feel like she’s in safe hands.When you start a conversation with someone you don’t know well, you should always try to create the right kind of feeling. It is important to create a positive emotional atmosphere before you go on to discuss complicated issues or give people information. Someone with a disability may need a particular language and a way for him to communicate, for example if the person is deaf he could use Signing. Signing is an effective way of communicating the deaf and hard of hearing. It's effective because signing is the main way to communicate with the deaf and can sometimes be the only way of communicating with a certain deaf person.Therefore signing would be used in any setting where needed. Informal communications builds relationships among staff members and service users, and face -to-face interaction is the primary way people communicate informally. Communication we all use it day to day, we talk and interact with people around us. Communication is really important because that’s how we send messages to each other and different people. There are two different ways of communicating which are verbal and non-verbal. Effective communication in he health and social care setting is very important as it allows the health care worker to perform their role effectively, allowing them to work alongside their colleagues whilst developing supportive ties with the users of the service who come from different types of backgrounds, cultures/ and religion. People with communication disabilities are at risk of not being able to communicate effectively with their health care professionals and this could have an impact directly on their health. Good communication is the foundation to successful relationship i. e. patient and carer, either through verbal or non verbal com munication.Non verbal communication is a  form  of interpersonal interaction by gesticulating and eye movements. Non verbal communication skills (Body Language) improve relationships by helping to accurately read people's emotions they are feeling, creating trust and responding to non verbal clues to show that you understand notice and care what the patient is saying. Effective communication between colleagues is very important in a health and social care context. Respect and trust should be shown throughout communication with your colleagues otherwise this can affect the way you speak to others such as service users.Formal communication would usually be used in communicating with colleagues, but sometimes informal may be appropriate. It can be used within meetings or speaking one to one with each other. Communication is so important within colleagues so it has to be done properly and effectively. It's important because colleagues need to communicate with each other for such thi ngs like passing on vital information. Someone with a disability may need a particular language and a way for him to communicate, for example if the person is deaf he could use Signing. Signing is an effective way of communicating the deaf and hard of hearing.It's effective because signing is the main way to communicate with the deaf and can sometimes be the only way of communicating with a certain deaf person. Therefore signing would be used in any setting where needed. You would use effective formal communication in an interview. You will need to talk clearly and using formal English. This will make you seem more professional a doctor will use effective formal communication when talking to a service user, by doing this the service user will feel comfortable and confident that the doctor knows what he’s doing.

Malaysia Unemployment Rate Essay

An unemployed person is one who is able and willing to work yet is unable to find a job. Unemployment rate is the number of people officially unemployed divided by the labor force. Official unemployment measures those over the age of 16 who are able for employment, but are unable to obtain a job. The labor force is the number of people over the age of 16 who are either employed or unemployed. In year 2005, unemployment rate in Malaysia (3.0%) higher than unemployment rate in Cambodia (2.5%). Malaysia is a heaven for job seekers who are not so particular on what job is available. As long as there is a job, they will just take it. The fact is true for foreigners especially from Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, China and many more. With their presence, the field of job market in Malaysia is becoming more competitive. This is because employers prefer to hire these foreigner rather than Malaysian due to the relatively cheaper labor cost and easier to manage. That is why graduate Malaysian who is having straight A’s is no longer to secure a job or to give one a competitive edge in career advancement. Unemployment rate in Malaysia increases to 3.6 % while Cambodia remains the same which is 2.5% in year 2006. Another contributing factor of higher unemployment rate in Malaysia is due to job matching. Even though there is over 300 thousand of graduate Malaysian from university or college entering the job market in 2006, the competency of these graduates is still a concern where their qualification and experiences cannot directly match the needs of the employers. Graduate might choosing the wrong course or with the poor result. Nowadays, the employer will hire the worker who had a lot of experienced one. In Malaysia, the private sector today is not interested in recruiting local graduates because they lack of essential skills, such as proficiency in English, a lack of ICT proficiency and interpersonal skill. This leads to appears to be gaps between what employers require and what skills graduates have. Graduates themselves have to realize that they need to adapt to the needs and wants of their future employers. In year 2007, the unemployment rate in Cambodia still remains constant which is 2.5%. Unemployment rate in Malaysia had decreased to 3.5%. The unemployment rate in Cambodia does not decrease and remains constant in three years started from 2005 until 2007. The first cause is poverty. Most of the Cambodia citizens are poor, that is why they cannot send their children to school. Children will be lack of knowledge, skills and qualification. As a result, it will be difficult for them to find a job. Besides, with the poor quality of education system in Cambodia, schools can produce only non-quality human resources. With the limited number of university, there is no guarantee that all graduated students will find job which relevant to them because only people with quality are selected to work. The unemployment rate in Cambodia is 3.5% in year 2008 is greater than in Malaysia, 3.2%. The unemployment rate in Cambodia suddenly increased 1.0% from year 2007 to 2008. This happened due to the job opportunity. Since Cambodia is small and poor, it is not good enough to attract foreign investor. In this case, only small numbers of job opportunities are available for the rest of population. Moreover, this cause might due to lack of encouragement from government in the investment climate. In addition, the development of technology is another reason why unemployment rate in Cambodia increased. With the advantages of using machinery in their factory, some owners have dismissed their workers. Therefore, many people suddenly lose their job. This helps nothing but to increase unemployment rate higher and higher. In year 2009, the unemployment rate in Cambodia remains the same as the year of 2008, 3.5% while there is an increase in Malaysia unemployment rate which is 3.3%. Even though there are many job opportunities in Malaysia, the unemployment rate among Malaysian are increases. Obviously the reason contributing this factor is due to the world economy meltdown. Malaysia is a developing country which fully relies on foreign direct investment (FDI) especially from countries such as Americas, Japan and Europe. Most of these FDI are into the manufacturing sector. Many major multinational companies (MNC) in Malaysia have announced layoff plans including factory and office shutdowns to mitigate the impact of the economic slowdown. With the presence of manufacturing of MNC in Malaysia are significant, the layoff plans contributed to the increase of the unemployment rate.

Free Essays on Warm Desserts Of North America

North America contains three â€Å"warm† deserts. They are known as the Chihuahuan, the Sonoran, and the Mojave deserts. Warm deserts have relatively high temperatures during the long summer months and low amounts of rainfall; as a result, the evolutionary affinities of their plant life are largely with the subtropical plant communities to the south. Desert soils tend to be poorly developed, with a high content of mineral particles but little organic matter. The poor soil is caused by low plant productivity, which restricts the soil-building properties of microorganisms that convert organic matter into the humus components of soils. Soils with low organic matter content have a low water-holding capacity, adding to the aridity of the land (Smith et al 1997). Unlike other types of North American biomes, warm desert plants are competing for water, not light. The availability of water is the major factor determining the types of organisms that can live in the deserts. Warm deserts typically receive less than 25 cm of precipitation per year. The amount of evaporation is often greater than the amount of rainfall that occurs. Evaporation is an important factor contributing to aridity. Rising air cools and can hold less moisture, producing clouds and precipitation; falling air warms, absorbing moisture. Areas with few clouds, bodies of water, and little vegetation absorb most of the sun's radiation, thus heating the air at the soil surface. High wind in open country also contributes to aridity of the warm desert (Eddins, 2002). Plants that have adapted to dry habitats by altering their physical structure are known as xerophytes. Xerophytes, such as cacti, are the largest type plants living in the deserts of the North America. To reduce transpiration, xerophytes usually have few or no leaves and have special means of storing and conserving water. Most annual desert plants germinate only after heavy seasonal rain, and then comple... Free Essays on Warm Desserts Of North America Free Essays on Warm Desserts Of North America North America contains three â€Å"warm† deserts. They are known as the Chihuahuan, the Sonoran, and the Mojave deserts. Warm deserts have relatively high temperatures during the long summer months and low amounts of rainfall; as a result, the evolutionary affinities of their plant life are largely with the subtropical plant communities to the south. Desert soils tend to be poorly developed, with a high content of mineral particles but little organic matter. The poor soil is caused by low plant productivity, which restricts the soil-building properties of microorganisms that convert organic matter into the humus components of soils. Soils with low organic matter content have a low water-holding capacity, adding to the aridity of the land (Smith et al 1997). Unlike other types of North American biomes, warm desert plants are competing for water, not light. The availability of water is the major factor determining the types of organisms that can live in the deserts. Warm deserts typically receive less than 25 cm of precipitation per year. The amount of evaporation is often greater than the amount of rainfall that occurs. Evaporation is an important factor contributing to aridity. Rising air cools and can hold less moisture, producing clouds and precipitation; falling air warms, absorbing moisture. Areas with few clouds, bodies of water, and little vegetation absorb most of the sun's radiation, thus heating the air at the soil surface. High wind in open country also contributes to aridity of the warm desert (Eddins, 2002). Plants that have adapted to dry habitats by altering their physical structure are known as xerophytes. Xerophytes, such as cacti, are the largest type plants living in the deserts of the North America. To reduce transpiration, xerophytes usually have few or no leaves and have special means of storing and conserving water. Most annual desert plants germinate only after heavy seasonal rain, and then comple...

AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES Essays - Avalanches, Avalanche, Landslide

AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES Submitted to: Ms.Delgado GEOGRAPHY 12/9/96 By OUTLINE AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES 1. a.WHAT IS AN AVALANCHE OR LANDSLIDE? b.EXACTLY HOW DOES AN AVALANCHES OCCUR 2. a.I TALK A LITTLE ABOUT PAST AVALANCHES b.PAST DEATHS FROM AVALANCHES 3. a.CONCLUSION CLOSING OF MY REPORT AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES What is an avalanche? , well it's a large mass of snow and ice or of earth or rock sliding down a mountain side or a cliff. And how does an avalanche occur, well mainly they happen by vibrations caused by movement of the earth such as an earthquake, gunfire, rainy weather, and many more. Now I would like to talk a little about past avalanches and landslides that have occurred like the 1903 Frank landslide and avalanche that happened at the same time, in Alberta Canada it destroyed the parks canyons it's beautiful trees' it's wonderful sights and killed nearly one hundred people, and covered a small town near Alberta with ice and snow. Another devastating avalanche incident is the 1964 Sherman slide, in which a huge avalanche was triggered by the 1964 Alaskan earthquake. The slide spilled out onto the Sherman glacier, during the big slide several other smaller slides happened and those were the one that took lives in Anchorage, and destroyed property There are a couple of types of avalanches and how the destroy so much this one is named "Loose Snow Avalanches"1, it starts' in a small area then grows in size and mass as it descends.Another type is the "Slab Avalanche" it actually starts in a large area of ice and snow and then begins to slide. AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES On September 12 of 1717 crusaded down the Troilet, Italy glacier, gaining speed on a cushion of air reaching a falling velocity of km/hr over a 3600 m fall. Two towns were destroyed, with seven people killed and a 120 cows lost. The slosh of an avalanche ran up the far side of the valley at a speed of 125 km/hr. In developed areas such as ski resorts it is possible to predict avalanches because they are controlled with explosives and artillery. In a back-country areas it is possible to predict avalanches because the forecast relies on experience of the person making the observation. There are no computer models available to predict avalanches and therefore predictions are only accomplished by repetitive observations and knowledge of snow properties. Due to difficulty in reliable predictions method areas of avalanche hazards must rely on controlling or altering the effects of an avalanche. The back country explorer must be highly skilled in determining safe routes and rescue procedures over and above relying on predictions of avalanches for personal safety. Avalanches kill people many ways but the most common cause of death is suffocation. There is little air trapped in the avalanche and within a short period of time the victim loses consciousness and dies. A victim can also be killed from the force of the snow slamming into the body or by traveling in the avalanches and being smashed against trees and other objects. AVALANCHES AND LANDSLIDES Knowledge can help you avoid being caught by a snow avalanche, it may help you survive if you are buried. Snow avalanches are natural phenomena so complex one can never have all the information necessary to predict avalanche conditions with certainty. Well this is my report on avalanches hope you learned more on avalanches but we will never know all there is to know about avalanches, sorry it's not the five pages I was lucky to find this little amount of information. NOTES Mears,Ronald I., Design Criteria for Avalanche Control Structures in the Runout Zone,June1981. S.D., All You Ever Wanted To Know About Snow..., November 24, 1988. Snow Avalanches from Cold Regions Hydrology and Hydraulics,Ryan, W.L. Snow Avalanche Hazards and Mitigation in the U.S. BIBLIOGRAPHY World Wide Web author . Avalanche weather station author . Snow and Weather disaster station.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 15

Case study - Essay Example This event is investigated in light of the company’s behavior post the oil spill and their consequent reaction in front of the press and as expressed in their annual reports. More specifically, this paper looks at how BP’s reaction post the disastrous oil spill ties in with the theories about company behavior. There is extensive secondary research that discusses company behavior and explains how and why a company might behave in certain specific situations. According to the legitimacy theory, an organization only acts according to the behavior that is deemed correct and wanted by society it operates in and as deemed fit by other potentially influential parties; the actions performed by the company should thus be ‘socially acceptable’ otherwise the company will have trouble operating in a society that thinks of it as ‘unethical’, ‘immoral’ or ‘unable to comply with social norms or requirements’ and will be fast rolling downhill on its way to failure. (O’Donovan, 2002, p.344). Results of some empirical researches confirm the legitimacy theory (Branco and Rodrigues, 2006, p.232; Deegan et al., 2002, p.312) while on the other hand, some scholars and their studies outright reject the concept put forward by the legitimacy theory (Guthri e and Parker, 1989, p.343). According to research, the stakeholder theory explains how a company may be portrayed with regards to the internal relations between different units and individuals that comprise it and that this may manipulate the firm’s performance. According to this theory, the company’s stakeholders include not only shareholders, but also other groups such as employees, suppliers, society, etc that have an inherent stake in how the company performs. (Freeman et al., 2010, p.28; Jones, 1995, p.407). critics of the stakeholder theory say that the nature of the relationships between the management and investors are always different from the nature of the associations